网状河流的构型、流量-宽深比关系和能耗率   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

王随继 《沉积学报》2003,21(4):565-570

网状河流作为一类新河型,已经受到研究者的关注,但对其研究还不充分.该研究基于目前已经报道过的资料及新近取得的研究成果,从河流构型、河道过水断面宽深比与流量关系及能耗率等方面对该河型展开论述,期望引起大家对该河型的兴趣.网状河流在许多方面表现出了独有的特色.从平面构型来看,它以相互连通的多河道围绕非常稳定的泛滥盆地为特征,其中泛滥盆地上植被发育、沼泽湖泊可见.从河道纵、横剖面来看,它具有非常小的河道比降和一般小于40的河道宽深比,总体上属于各类河型中最小的.从沉积体系的剖面构型来看,它以多个孤立的河道砂体"漂浮"在细粒泥质沉积物中为特征.在河道过水断面宽深比与流量的半对数图中可见,其宽深比随流量的增大而减小,并且其散点位于各类河流的最下部.由于其河道比降一般很小,多河道体系中的单个河道的流量相对于其决口前的老河道显然较小,从而其能耗率就相对很小.文中所讨论到的长江三口分流网状河道:东松滋河、西松滋河、虎渡河、藕池河、北藕池河和松澧合流,其能耗率分别为3.0 W/m2,5.5 W/m2,2.8 W/m2,6.4 W/m2,3.7 W/m2和2.7 W/m2,显然都小于10 W/m2,这与长江主河道在枝江附近的140 W/m2相比,差两个数量级.所有这些特征都预示着网状河流与以长江中下游为代表的分汊河流之间有着完全不同的特性,与其他河型更是大相径庭.  相似文献   

长江芦家河浅滩段石泓大开挖方案的研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

陈立  崔承章  谢葆玲 《水科学进展》2003,14(3):341-344

三峡水库蓄水运用后,长江芦家河浅滩段将出现局部坡陡流急的航道问题,石泓大开挖为解决此问题的方案之一.采用全沙动床模型实验方法,研究了石泓大开挖方案实施后对改善航道条件、对本河段及上游河段河势变化可能产生的影响等.研究表明:石泓大开挖方案将改善本河段的航行条件;也将使本河段枯水期的主、支汊易位;改变松滋河的分流特性;与此同时石泓大开挖方案将加剧上游水位的下降,并可能因此影响葛洲坝船闸的正常运行;挖槽中推移质泥沙的回淤有待于今后的进一步研究.  相似文献   

青海共和至甘肃兰州黄河河谷地貌的形成与青藏高原东北缘隆升的关系   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

赵振明  刘百篪 《西北地质》2003,36(2):1-12

依据共和至兰州黄河河谷大量的实测数据,结合现有的研究成果,认为构造作用对该区河谷地貌的形成起到一定的决定作用。河谷地貌的抬升速率揭示出两次新构造事件：一次发生在20万年B．P．至15万年B．P．;另一次发生在1万年以来。黄河阶地纵剖面反映出青藏高原第四纪挤压力向北东方向逐渐减小,在兰州出现挤压力在某时段消减的情况。  相似文献   

Analysis of aquifer heterogeneity within a well capture zone,comparison of model data with field experiments: A case study from the river Wiese,Switzerland     

Christian Regli  Martin Rauber  Peter Huggenberger 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2003,65(2):111-128

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Working rivers: the geomorphological legacy of English freshwater mills   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stuart Downward  Kevin Skinner 《Area》2005,37(2):138-147

Freshwater mills historically were found throughout England serving a wide variety of uses. The decline in the need for water power over the last 100 years saw a reduction in the number of operational mills. Despite this decline, the associated river structures were rarely removed and many of these have exceeded their design life and have failed or are now starting to fail, with important geomorphological implications for the river. This paper investigates the geomorphological impacts of mills and their structures on English rivers, and considers their legacy for the contemporary management of these systems.  相似文献   

Tectonic control of the Tejo river fluvial incision during the late Cenozoic, in Ródão—central Portugal (Atlantic Iberian border)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

P. Proena Cunha  A. Antunes Martins  S. Daveau  P.F. Friend 《Geomorphology》2005,64(3-4):271-298

Staircases of strath terraces and strongly incised valleys are the most typical landscape features of Portuguese rivers. This paper examines the incision achieved during the late Cenozoic in an area crossed by the Tejo river between the border with Spain and the small town of Gavião. In the more upstream reach of this area, the Tejo crosses the Ródão tectonic depression, where four levels of terraces are distinguished. During the late Cenozoic fluvial incision stage, the Ródão depression underwent less uplift than the adjacent areas along the river. This is reflected by the greater thicknesses and spatial extent of the terraces; terrace genesis was promoted by impoundment of alluvium behind a quartzitic ridge and the local presence of a soft substratum. Outside this tectonic depression, the Tejo has a narrow valley incised in the Hercynian basement, with some straight reaches that probably correspond to NE–SW and NNW–SSE faults, the terraces being nearly absent. Geomorphological evidence of tectonic displacements affecting the Ródão dissected terrace remnants is described. Geochronological dating of the two younger and lower terrace levels of this depression suggests a time-averaged incision rate for the Tejo in the Ródão area, of ca. 1.0 m/ka over the last 60 thousand years. A clear discrepancy exists between this rate and the 0.1 m/ka estimated for the longer period since the end of the Pliocene. Although episodes of valley incision may be conditioned by climate and base-level changes, they may also have been controlled by local factors such as movement of small fault-bounded blocks, lithology and structure. Regional crustal uplift is considered to be the main control of the episodes of valley incision identified for this large, long-lived river. A model is proposed in which successive regional uplift events—tectonic phases—essentially determined the long periods of rapid river downcutting that were punctuated by short periods of lateral erosion and later by some aggradation, producing strath terraces.  相似文献   

High-resolution grain-size characterisation of gravel bars using imagery analysis and geo-statistics   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Joan M. Verdú  Ramon J. Batalla  Jos A. Martínez-Casasnovas 《Geomorphology》2005,72(1-4):73-93

The scarcity of grain-size data from gravel-bed rivers has traditionally hindered hydraulic, sediment transport and river habitat studies. A new remote sensing methodology to estimate grain-size distribution is presented. It combines textural digital images of the riverbed at 1 : 1000 and 1 : 40 scales with grain-size sampling. It was applied to a 12-km reach of the Isábena River (Central Pyrenees NE Spain). First, textural patterns for each grain-size range were obtained, selecting the most closely related texture variables, including the use of semivariograms. Second, multiple linear regression equations were derived from the textural variables to estimate each value of the grain-size distribution. The highest correlation values (r²) were obtained from the central part of the distribution (D₅₀ with a RMS error of 12.7%). Finally, new multiple linear regression equations to estimate the D₅₀ and D₈₄ were obtained from 1 : 1000 images and four textural variables. These were used to derive D₅₀ and D₈₄ maps of the riverbed, re-sampled at a resolution of 1.5 m pixels, with RMS estimation errors of 26% and 32%, respectively. Downstream change in grain-size is also well reproduced by the method. The mean D₅₀ of 72 and 32 mm were estimated in the upper and the lower reaches of the river, respectively. The methodology shows great potential for application, the relation between the spatial resolution of the images and the mean grain-size of the riverbed sediment being the main issue for future development.  相似文献   

月球地形测绘和月球大地测量(5)   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

陈俊勇 《测绘科学》2004,29(6):7-10

主要介绍月球地形测绘和月球大地测量的情况。第一部分论述了月球大地测量(Selenodesy)的定义和方法。月球大地测量的一个特点是它的观测数据绝大部分都要依靠航天探测器或环月、绕月卫星来获取。月球大地测量的内容可以考虑有三个方面:一是在月球上给出一个有确定定义的坐标参考系,并在其中布测一个控制网;二是确定这一月球参考系的大地测量几何和物理常数;三是求定月球的外部重力场。第二部分介绍月球地形测绘。重点介绍了月球地形的特点,它大体分为月海、月陆、环形山等三种类型。  相似文献   

2003年淮河流域洪涝暴雨的气象水文特征分析   总被引：16，自引：2，他引：16  

毕宝贵  矫梅燕  李泽椿 《南京气象学院学报》2004,27(5):577-586

用常规的气象水文资料和常规分析方法,对2003年、1991年和1954年3a气象水文特征分析发现:(1)2003年淮河流域的降水比常年明显偏多,比1991年多,但比1954年少,是自建国以来仅次于1954年的第2个多雨年份;1954年洪水最大,2003年次之,1991年最弱。但3a的共同特点是洪峰高、流量大、持续时间长、灾害损失严重;3a的不同之处是降水集中时段和强度各不相同,洪水的早晚也不同,1991年最早,2003年和1954年较迟。(2)环流形势的共同特点是:副高脊线相对常年位置均偏南,亚洲西风带阻塞高压活动十分频繁,120°E以东越赤道气流较常年偏弱、赤道西风明显偏弱,这样就造成赤道辐合带不活跃,低空急流都较常年偏强。环流不同之处:1991、1954年东阻活动最昌盛,而2003年以中阻塞形势为主;1991年副高与2003年相似,但强度和范围不及2003年,1954年是3a之中副高脊线最偏南、副高范围最小、强度最弱的1a;由于高、低空配置、副高位置的不同,低空急流的强度并非与越赤道气流强度呈正相关关系。  相似文献   

Landscape disequilibrium on 1000–10,000 year scales Marsyandi River, Nepal, central Himalaya     

Beth Pratt-Sitaula  Douglas W. Burbank  Arjun Heimsath  Tank Ojha 《Geomorphology》2004,58(1-4):223-241

In an actively deforming orogen, maintenance of a topographic steady state requires that hillslope erosion, river incision, and rock uplift rates are balanced over timescales of 10⁵–10⁷ years. Over shorter times, <10⁵ years, hillslope erosion and bedrock river incision rates fluctuate with changes in climate. On 10⁴-year timescales, the Marsyandi River in the central Nepal Himalaya has oscillated between bedrock incision and valley alluviation in response to changes in monsoon intensity and sediment flux. Stratigraphy and ¹⁴C ages of fill terrace deposits reveal a major alluviation, coincident with a monsoonal maximum, ca. 50–35 ky BP. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al exposure ages define an alluviation and reincision event ca. 9–6 ky BP, also at a time of strong South Asian monsoons. The terrace deposits that line the Lesser Himalayan channel are largely composed of debris flows which originate in the Greater Himalayan rocks up to 40 km away. The terrace sequences contain many cubic kilometers of sediment, but probably represent only 2–8% of the sediments which flushed through the Marsyandi during the accumulation period. At 10⁴-year timescales, maximum bedrock incision rates are 7 mm/year in the Greater Himalaya and 1.5 mm/year in the Lesser Himalayan Mahabarat Range. We propose a model in which river channel erosion is temporally out-of-phase with hillslope erosion. Increased monsoonal precipitation causes an increase in hillslope-derived sediment that overwhelms the transport capacity of the river. The resulting aggradation protects the bedrock channel from erosion, allowing the river gradient to steepen as rock uplift continues. When the alluvium is later removed and the bedrock channel re-exposed, bedrock incision rates probably accelerate beyond the long-term mean as the river gradient adjusts downward toward a more “equilibrium” profile. Efforts to document dynamic equilibrium in active orogens require quantification of rates over time intervals significantly exceeding the scale of these millennial fluctuations in rate.  相似文献